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MULTICS    
MULTICS操作系统

MULTICS操作系统

/muhl'tiks/ MULTiplexed Information and
Computing Service. A {time-sharing} {operating system}
co-designed by a consortium including {MIT}, {GE} and {Bell
Laboratories} as a successor to MIT's {CTSS}. The system
design was presented in a special session of the 1965 Fall
Joint Computer Conference and was planned to be operational in
two years. It was finally made available in 1969, and took
several more years to achieve respectable performance and
stability.

Multics was very innovative for its time - among other things,
it was the first major OS to run on a {symmetric
multiprocessor}; provided a {hierarchical file system} with
{access control} on individual files; mapped files into a
paged, segmented {virtual memory}; was written in a
{high-level language} ({PL/I}); and provided dynamic
inter-procedure linkage and memory (file) sharing as the
default mode of operation. Multics was the only
general-purpose system to be awarded a B2 {security rating} by
the {NSA}.

Bell Labs left the development effort in 1969. {Honeywell}
commercialised Multics in 1972 after buying out GE's computer
group, but it was never very successful: at its peak in the
1980s, there were between 75 and 100 Multics sites, each a
multi-million dollar {mainframe}.

One of the former Multics developers from Bell Labs was {Ken
Thompson}, a circumstance which led directly to the birth of
{Unix}. For this and other reasons, aspects of the Multics
design remain a topic of occasional debate among hackers. See
also {brain-damaged} and {GCOS}.

MIT ended its development association with Multics in 1977.
Honeywell sold its computer business to {Bull} in the mid
1980s, and development on Multics was stopped in 1988 when
Bull scrapped a Boston proposal to port Multics to a
{platform} derived from the {DPS-6}.

A few Multics sites are still in use as late as 1996.

The last Multics system running, the Canadian Department of
National Defence Multics site in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,
shut down on 2000-10-30 at 17:08 UTC.

The {Jargon file} 3.0.0 claims that on some versions of
Multics one was required to enter a password to log out but
James J. Lippard , who was a Multics
developer in Phoenix, believes this to be an {urban legend}.
He never heard of a version of Multics which required a
password to logout. Tom Van Vleck
agrees. He suggests that some user may have implemented a
'terminal locking' program that required a password before one
could type anything, including logout.

{(http://multicians.org/)}.

{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:alt.os.multics}.

[{Jargon File}]

(2002-04-12)

MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service (OS, MIT, Bell)

Multics: /muhl´tiks/, n. [from “MULTiplexed Information and Computing Service”]
An early timesharing operating system co-designed
by a consortium including MIT, GE, and Bell Laboratories as a successor to
CTSS. The design was first presented in 1965,
planned for operation in 1967, first operational in 1969, and took several
more years to achieve respectable performance and stability.Multics was very innovative for its time — among other things,
it provided a hierarchical file system with access control on individual
files and introduced the idea of treating all devices uniformly as special
files. It was also the first OS to run on a symmetric multiprocessor, and
the only general-purpose system to be awarded a B2 security rating by the
NSA (see Orange Book).Bell Labs left the development effort in 1969 after judging that
second-system effect had bloated Multics to the
point of practical unusability. Honeywell commercialized Multics in 1972
after buying out GE's computer group, but it was never very successful: at
its peak in the 1980s, there were between 75 and 100 Multics sites, each a
multi-million dollar mainframe.One of the former Multics developers from Bell Labs was Ken Thompson,
and Unix deliberately carried through and extended
many of Multics' design ideas; indeed, Thompson described the very name
‘Unix’ as “a weak pun on Multics”. For this and
other reasons, aspects of the Multics design remain a topic of occasional
debate among hackers. See also brain-damaged and
GCOS.MIT ended its development association with Multics in 1977.
Honeywell sold its computer business to Bull in the mid 80s, and
development on Multics was stopped in 1988. Four Multics sites were known
to be still in use as late as 1998, but the last one (a Canadian military
site) was decommissioned in November 2000. There is a Multics page at
http://www.stratus.com/pub/vos/multics/tvv/multics.html.


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  • What are the major technical difference between Multics and Unix . . .
    From the naming of operating system only i e Unix = Uniplexed Information and Computing Service vs Multics = Multiplexed Information and Computing Service, I was first having a misconception that the
  • When was the term Multics (operating system) coined and by whom?
    The history of Multics is interesting because the failure of its development led to the development of Unix which is now used in the form of BSD and macOS iOS and further we have widely used Unix-like operating systems e g GNU+Linux But from the history of Multics, I couldn't find any information about who had coined the term Multics and when
  • Why did so many OS names end in x?
    Multics was meant to be many things; reliable, available, meant to support multiple layers of security, meant to support many users, meant to support hot-swapping of system components
  • history - What methods were used for password encryption before . . .
    The Multics scrambler works by first compressing the 8 Multics-ASCII character password from 72 to 56 bits by removing the high-order two bits (always zero in the 9 bit Multics representation of 7 bit ASCII characters) from each character If the password is less than 8 characters in length, blanks were added to make it 8 characters long
  • emulation - Are there runnable Multics systems available . . .
    25 There are a number of ways to use Multics today One option is to run it locally under an emulator The source code that's available should run (under emulation) on most Linux systems, Mac OS X, and Windows, even the RasPi See the Multicians site for details (a cookbook is available) Another option is to telnet (or ssh) to a public access
  • multics - First operating system with system calls - Retrocomputing . . .
    Which first operating system implemented system calls? It should answer to the following characteristic I guess: resident program which exposes low level services (doesn't matter what be it read the
  • What was the complete list of overstrikes supported by Multics APL?
    Can anyone find out the exact list of overstrikes that was supported by Multics APL at any point in its history? I see that there's something on GitHub purporting to be the source code of Multics, but I don't think it includes the APL implementation
  • multics - Why did Unix use slash as the directory separator . . .
    The Unix designers came from the GE MIT Multics project, and Multics inspired some Unix features In particular, Multics has a hierarchical filesystem, and so does Unix On Multics, pathnames were
  • How did Multics make library calls available as shell commands?
    In Multics, when the command processor calls out to a program the system linker finds the right entry point in the file system and links it into the process right then and there and an actual machine-instruction call is made, just as if it had all been compiled together
  • What were earliest attempts to make computers accessible?
    Before refreshable braille displays, there were braille printers and braille typewriters that embossed paper They were adapted quite early to be driven by computer - at least by the late 1960s One of the programmers of Multics at MIT, Ed Glaser, was blind





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