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  • Protonema - Wikipedia
    A protonema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage of development of the gametophyte (the haploid phase) in the life cycle of mosses
  • Protonema | anatomy | Britannica
    The protonema, which grows directly from the germinating spore, is in most mosses an extensive, branched system of multicellular filaments that are rich in chlorophyll This stage initiates the accumulation of hormones that influence the further growth of newly formed cells
  • Protonema – A Crucial State in a Moss’ Life
    The protonema is formed from a spore and is a haploid, autonomous, gametophytic stage of the moss life cycle The primary protonema is responsible for only the germination of spores, while the secondary protonema is responsible for the overall development of the gametophytic part of the plant
  • Protonema - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
    Protonema, the first tissue to emerge from the spore, is a filamentous tissue composed of two main cell types, chloronemal and caulonemal cells (Figure 1) Rhizoids develop from epidermal cells on the gametophore, the P patens shoot ( Figure 1 )
  • Protonema - (General Biology I) - Vocab, Definition . . . - Fiveable
    Protonema is a filamentous stage in the life cycle of mosses that develops from the germination of a moss spore This initial structure plays a crucial role in establishing the gametophyte, which is the dominant life stage in bryophytes
  • Protonema - Encyclopedia. com
    protonema The first, usually filamentous, structure produced by a germinating moss or fern spore under dark conditions The protonema of mosses bears buds that develop into the gametophyte plant; in ferns the protonema becomes the prothallus
  • What is Protonema? - Vedantu
    A protonema is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the gametophyte's earliest stage of growth in the life cycle of mosses When a moss grows from a spore, it begins as a germ tube that lengthens and branches into a filamentous complex called a protonema, which develops into a leafy gametophore, the adult form of a gametophyte in bryophytes
  • Protonema - BYJUS
    The protonema and prothallus are structures seen in primitive plants The key difference between both these structures is that protonema constitutes the first stage of development in liverworts and mosses, while prothallus is seen in pteridophytes and is its gametophyte
  • Protonema - definition of protonema by The Free Dictionary
    Define protonema protonema synonyms, protonema pronunciation, protonema translation, English dictionary definition of protonema n pl pro·to·ne·ma·ta The filamentous growth that arises following spore germination in liverworts and mosses and develops into a mature gametophyte
  • PROTONEMA Definition Meaning - Merriam-Webster
    The meaning of PROTONEMA is the primary usually filamentous thalloid stage of the gametophyte in mosses and in some liverworts comparable to the prothallus in ferns





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